Wu Weidong was never much of an online shopper.
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The 47-year-old resident of Yanzhou, a small town in China's eastern Shandong province, typically bought groceries from local stores.
But messages from friends asking him to join their group purchases of fruits at bargain prices on the website Pinduoduo finally persuaded him to open an account there.
"It's mainly because my friends said the items there are cheap," he said. "So I've started using Pinduoduo more to buy fruits and snacks."
Started four years ago by a former Google engineer, Pinduoduo has become one of China's biggest retail disruptors, breaking the dominance of Alibaba and JD.com by persuading users like Wu, who live in China's smaller cities, to start shopping online.
Alibaba and JD.com have for years tried to unleash rural China's spending power, teaching residents how to use their online platforms and using drones for deliveries to remote spots, with mixed results.
But the success of Pinduoduo's model, which offers users deeper discounts on mostly generic products if they buy in groups, and encourages them to share purchases through messaging app WeChat, is driving Alibaba and JD.com to make a fresh push into China's lower-tier cities.
Alibaba and JD.com now both have e-commerce apps similar to Pinduoduo's and say that they anticipate strong growth from rural consumers.
In September, Alibaba ran Super Bargain Day, which took aim at such users with generous coupons and prices halved for 1 million items.
Pinduoduo is ranked second in the number of active buyers, analysts say. It reported 483.2 million active buyers at the end of June, versus Alibaba's 674 million. JD.com has 321.3 million annual active customer accounts.
However, Pinduoduo's annual spending per active buyer, at 1,467.50 yuan is lower than that of Alibaba, which said in September that users from less-developed areas who have been on its platforms for five years spent on average 10,600 yuan in the 12 months ended March.
Analysts say Pinduoduo gained a foothold in the market thanks to the shortcomings in some of Alibaba and JD.com's models.
The two e-commerce giants built their businesses on the country's burgeoning middle class, competing intensely to woo big international brands like Burberry or Valentino to set up online stores. But it was hard to persuade residents in lower-tier cities that they needed to shop for luxury goods online.
Pinduoduo, in contrast, set its sights on bargain-hunters in lower-tier cities.
Its model encourages users to recommend products to friends and family to gain discounts, and heavily leverages WeChat, China's dominant messaging service, which is owned by Pinduoduo-backer Tencent Holdings.
JD.com, also backed by Tencent, missed an opportunity to promote its WeChat option.
Other economic winds have also helped Pinduoduo.
A slowing economy has hurt Alibaba's purchasing power and JD's big-city core consumer base.
Residents in lower-tier cities are starting to have higher disposable incomes compared with their first-tier city compatriots, whose living costs are higher, economists say.
To be sure, Pinduoduo's user base remains much smaller than market leader Alibaba's, and its rise has not been without challenges.
Pinduoduo also remains dogged by accusations that its site hosts counterfeits. The company says it is cracking down on fakes.
Meanwhile, Alibaba and JD are trying to get a foothold in rural areas.
JD.com in September upgraded its group-buying platform, renaming it Jingxi, and is looking to improve logistics for users, saying that it wants to eventually fulfil deliveries to smaller cities within 24 hours.
Alibaba has announced a fresh focus on expanding in less-developed areas. Last year, it launched an mobile app called Taobao Tejia, or Taobao Discounts, which offers rock bottom bargain deals.
It also pushed its nearly decade-old group-buying and flash-sale service Juhuasuan to a more prominent position in its e-commerce ecosystem, where it will offer heavily subsidised selling campaigns, discounts, coupons and other perks.
An Alibaba spokesman said that although 85% of Chinese residents in developed areas have used Alibaba's retail marketplace, the penetration was only 40% in less-developed places.
That presents a "tremendous opportunity", he said.
Australian Associated Press
